hello space fans well this is it this is my last one in my series on the double-a s events of the past week and it has been a week filled with astronomy overload it's been it's been amazing i love when when that conference is going on I learned so much so today I'm going to end this with the announcement that came out on wednesday from NASA which was titled NASA telescopes help find most distant galaxy cluster so this this finding is actually really interesting in the sense that this involved a true collaboration of a lot of instruments they use that the Chandra Space Telescope the Hubble Space Telescope to ground-based telescopes the Subaru and the Keck telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii and they use the Spitzer Space Telescope and what they have done is they have found the one of the earliest groupings of galaxies or clusters of galaxies ever found they're actually called a proto cluster and here is the image they released now the first thing you notice is you see a bunch of blobs as you see in a lot of astronomy images but you also see these little circles they've taken the kind at a time to draw for us those get those objects those blobs are actually the galaxies that are members of this protocol now you look at an image like this the first thing you go is oh come on how do they know those little white circles are the ones why not all the other blobs in there and they know this by using the techniques of all you needed all of these telescopes to really figure it out so it is generally believed that clusters of galaxies are held together somewhere by a supermassive black hole there's a supermassive black hole near are associated with almost every cluster we found and they're very large on the orders of millions of solar masses and since black holes are associated with x-rays then they point the Chandra Space Telescope they said go forth and look for as many bright x-ray sources as you can that are candidates for black holes and they have all kinds of fancy ways for looking for that parent x-ray signatures associated with black holes but they also needed to see the x-ray signatures of star-forming regions which are a little bit different because these galaxies would be early they'd be very young so stars are still forming so they want also things that can be black holes and they want things that can be star forming regions so Chandra went out looked found a bunch of those sources and then gave them the Hubble so here you go Hubble I've got some x-ray sources go out and measure their redshifts and that's what Hubble did it turned its spectrograph on looked at these images and it compared a bunch of a measured a lot of these spectra to kind of gauge their red shifts and the Subaru telescope on Mauna Kea did the same thing and they came up with a bunch of they candidates that were similar to in distance from each other and they said okay these are the ones that are probably in the cluster and then they had Keck follow up and do a double check make sure they were right and then finally once they were sure they had the candidates that we're all part of the cluster then they had the Spitzer Space Telescope look at those and image them and so that's what we have it we have a competent of a lot of different measurements here and if you look at this image one of the things then this is this image is full of blobs it's a little more blobby than most astronomical images and if you think about it that's big look closely at these galaxies they don't have any real detail no real structure they don't have spiral arms you really can't see much structure there and that's because the universe was only about a billion years old the Big Bang had only occurred about a billion years before so we're looking at very early things things are just starting to form here so they're not going to have a lot of structure and a lot of detail so when I looked at this image today and I was thinking about what I was going to say to you guys something occurred to me something just popped into my head from from something a mentor had said to me many years ago he said the future is in the infrared now at the time it didn't make much sense to me I didn't really it didn't really sit with me but now that I've been in the field for so long it makes perfect sense and I decided I'd like to convey to you what that what I think that why that's such an important thing to say and it's related to this to this to this image so let me start by saying this is the showing you the original Hubble Deep Field this is the one taken in 1996 and it was used with the camera on the Hubble that was that had visible light filters in it in other words the same light that our eyes can see were or what we're looking at in this image here the camera if we could lift there was an eyepiece on the Hubble and we could look through what we'd see that because our eyes are sensitive to the same wavelengths as in this image and but the hub has been through many upgrades over the course of its lifetime so a little bit later on they added a new camera to it this was called the advanced camera for surveys advanced camera for surveys and this is in the near infrared and they took an ultra deep field they took a much longer exposure and they took and they they did it in the infrared they saw not only more galaxies about 10,000 or in this picture but they also saw more galaxies with fewer features they were there were more blobs you know but they were still galaxies and then a little over a year ago back in August of 2009 when this space shuttle went up for the final time to work on Hubble it put it took out the old cameras the wide field camera wide field planetary camera 2 and the advanced camera well they left the advanced camera for surveys but it added something called whiffs III the wide field camera 3 and that's an infrared camera it's sensitive to the infrared wavelengths and it took another Ultra Deep Field and it found galaxies even further away the galaxies in this picture are only about when the universe was about 600 million years old here we're looking at a little bit later over a billion and even in in the original Ultra Deep Field they were even closer so with each successive wave length we could see further and further back in time 600 million years these galaxies are very blobby they don't they don't have much structure in them and they're not they haven't yet formed into any clusters this image the one we saw today this image is about a billion by four hundred thousand years 400 million years later and you know the worst starting to see clusters form in this image the most recent Ultra Deep Field they're not these are the furthest galaxies would ever seen this is the farthest cluster we've ever seen so if you see where we're going here the further we go across down into the red wavelengths of the spectrum the more information we get and if you think about it that makes sense because what's going on in the universe it would cause this it's expanding the universe is getting bigger so the way the window when the photons left these galaxies they were they might have left as gamma rays as x-rays as as visible light but by the time they reach our detectors the universe has stretched them out so everything is hanging out in the infrared and that's why the future is in the infrared and it's also why this guy is being built with 18 detectors almost all of them in the end for infrared this is Hubble's successor the James Webb Space Telescope it's being built right now it's going to launch in a few years it's got giant arm heat shields to protect it from the Sun it's going to get very it's got to work in very cold temperatures so they can see these these are very faint infrared sources and the bad news about Spitzer is that it's run out of its helium its liquid helium to keep it to keep it cold so we it can it can't do the kind of science that we need to be able to see these distant galaxies this can look at the size of that primary it's huge that mirror is going to let us not only see those distant clusters but actually resolve them we could see the detail and in in the structure in these early early galaxies so this is why the James Webb Space Telescope a multi-billion dollar telescope is being built primarily with infrared cameras in it okay well that's it for now space fans it's been a crazy week if you're still with me then you guys are pretty hardcore after all these videos if you watch them all and you can stuck with me through all of us you guys are hardcore so over the past week I have interacted with you i have i've read your comments and I put a poll on my channel to get your feedback on this and based on all of these things and based on how this went this week i've decided that i'll go ahead and commit to doing this once a week probably on friday I will release but maybe early Saturday depending i will release one video a week that kind of does what we've been doing over this week but in different more more varied areas almost all of them though we'll have to do with cosmology and our place in the universe the exoplanet research things that things that I've been doing all up to this point thank you all so much for watching and keep looking up
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